فصلنامه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 28 (زمستان 1392)

In order to investigate the effect of planting date on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of medicinal plant of black cumin was investigated in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications at Khomeini – shahr, in the province of Isfahan, Iran, during growing season of 2009-2010. In this study India and Isfahan populations were assigned to main plots and four sowing date (16 Nov, 16 Dec, 6 Mar and 4 Apr) to sub plots. The results indicated that planting date, populations and their interactions had significant effect on most of the traits measured. It was also observed that the two populations were significantly different in phenological, morphological and qualitative characteristics. Isfahan population due to its compatibility to the climate of Isfahan produced highest seed yield and oil percent than the Indian population at 6 Mar. planting date. Also, late planting date resulted in reduced values of most of the traits related to yield and yield components. It was also observed that highest dry matter, manganese, sodium, calcium and zinc contents were obtained from the Isfahan and highest content of ash, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and iron from Indian populations. It may conclude that if it is aimed to have higher seed yield and oil percent it is better to plant Isfahan population at the second and third and Indian population at the third planting dates.

This research was carried to evaluate seven durum wheat lines to salinity and drought stress under greenhouse condition at the Faculty of agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in using a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications and three factors. These three factors were salinity stress with two levels (non stress and stress with 6.2 ds), drought stress with two levels (non stress and stress with FC %50) and seven durum wheat lines. According to the results of analysis of variance significant differences were observed among investigated lines for the most of the traits. Mean comparison indicated that ARAMIDIS and Yazligh lines exhibited the highest value for the majority traits. Grain yield had positive and significant correlation with the most of the traits. Cluster analysis, based on Ward method, grouped two lines of ARAMIDIS and Yazligh in to the separate and superior groups. However the two lines ARAMIDIS and Yazlig were identified to be resistant to both salinity and drought stress conditions.

To investigate the tolerance of tomato cultivars to Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca pers.), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 11 treatments and 3 replications in mazrae Nemoune Astan Quds Razavi in Mashhad, Iran, 2012. Treatment were 11 varieties (Peto early CH, Sterling (Karon), Khorram, Petorak, DNP 3005, PS 6515, SPEEDY, IDEN, VADI STAR, FIRINZEH and DNP 3001) which were transplanted in the field along with broomrape. Sampling was done at two stages: 1- after appearance and establishment of broomrape on tomato root where the dry weight, stem number and node numbers of broomrape on tomato root and tomato dry weight were measured and 2- at the end of growing season where tomato fruit weight and its yield were determined. Result indicated that Sterling and Khorram cultivars did have the least broomrape dry weight, stem number and node numbers of broomrape on tomato root and while produced highest plant dry weight, fruit and yield as compared to the other cultivars. Thus, may be considered as tolerant cultivars. Petorak and DNP 3001 on the other hand, presented the most broomrape dry weight, stem number and node number on tomato root. However, Petorak, Peto early CH and FIRINZEH cultivars produced the least plant weight, fruit and yield and thus, they can be called the sensitive cultivars. DNP 3001 being highly attacked by broomrape produced increased fruit yield and therefore compensated its ill effects.

To study the effect of different seed treatments on germination of calendula, an experiment conducted in field with complete randomized block design and three replications, at Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in 2013. Treatments were: treating the most seeds by ultrasonic with maximum (3 w.m-2) and gamma and beta by 2 µc for 10 minutes, laser by 6328A° and magnetic field by 40 MT for 5, 10 and 15 minutes hydro-priming for 24 hours and control. Results indicate that maximum flower yield (13.85g) was produced by seeds treated with laser irradiation for 15 minutes as compared to that of control (4.34g). Highest biologic yield belonged to seeds treated with magnetic field for 10 minutes (33.20 g.m-2) and lowest to control (7.89 g.m-2). Highest harvest index was obtained from seeds treated by gamma irradiation for 10 minutes (69.07) and lowest for 15 minutes (18.81). It may be suggested that marigold growers may improve crop yield by priming the seeds with magnetic field and laser irradiation before sowing.

To determine the effect of weed interference duration on morphological traits and yield of onion (Allium cepa L.), variety Ghermez Azarshahr, an experiment was carried out in an randomized complete block design in three replications at Agricultural Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz in 2010. In this experiment, twelve treatments consisted of six initial weed-free periods in which plots were kept free of weeds for 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days after crop emergence (DAE), and then weeds were allowed to grow until harvest. Six initial weed-infested periods in which, weeds were allowed to grow for 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 DAE, after which the plots were kept free of weeds until harvest. The effect of weed interference on plant height, leaves per plant, average diameter of bulb, biomass per plant, yield per plant and yield per unit of area was significant. All traits of the onion were reduced as the weed infested period was increased. Increasing the weed infested period more than 40 DAE, reduced significantly the plant height, leaves number per plant and bulb diameter of onion. Increasing the weed-infested period to 100 DAE, reduced the onion bulb yield per plant and per unit area in comparison with full weed-free treatment by 95 and 96%, respectively. Also increasing the weed free period up to 40 DAE had no significant effect on bulb yield per plant and per unit of area. Generally results indicated that in order to prevent bulb yield loss in onion, the weed control was essential from onion emergence to 100 DAE and after this period, the weed control or its presence did not affect onion yield.

To evaluate the effect of humic acid and phosphorus on the quantity and quality of marigold yield an experiment was conducted at Research Field of Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran, in cropping season 2010-2011. The experiment was in split plot based on randomized complete block design, with four replications. The main plots were humic acid in four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 kg/ha) and sub plots were phosphorus (P2O5) in three levels (40, 60 and 80 kg/ha). The result showed that the highest dry flower yield (158.4 g/m2), flower number (1356 per m2), essential oil (0.55%), active ingredient of flower (0.31%), obtained in humic acid (10 kg/ha) and phosphorus (60kg/ha). The results also revalued that highest grain yield (133.8 g/m2) and seed oil (0.41%) obtained when (5 kg/ha) humic acid and 80kg/ha phosphorus were used. Based on this study, humic acid (10 kg/ha) and phosphorus (60kg/ha) may result in higher yield.

In this study, the effect of split application of nitrogen and herbicide doses on the yield and yield components of wheat as infested with weeds were evaluated at the Research Field of Motahari Agricultural School of Sabsevar, Iran. The experiment was conducted in split plot with three replications. The three split applications of 150 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen as urea [30% at planting and 70% at stem elongation (T1), 25% at planting, 25% at tillering and 50% at stem elongation (T2), 25% at planting, 50% at tillering and 25% at stem elongation (T3)] were assigned to main plots, and five doses of herbicide applications (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of recommended dosage of Imazamethabenz-methyl) to sub- plots. The results showed that herbicide doses significantly affected yield and yield components of wheat and weed population. Increasing of herbicide doses affected biological and grain yield of wheat positively. The results also indicated effect of nitrogen application methods were more pronounced than that of herbicide doses. The highest spike per m2, thousand grain weight, biologic and grain yield, as well as the least number of infertile spikelet, were obtained by T3 treatment of nitrogen fertilization and herbicide application at recommended doses. These results suggested that 75% recommended dosage of Imazamethabenz-methyl and application of nitrogen by using T3 treatment would increase, economic yield of wheat.

To evaluate genetic variation for some yield related traits in 16 durum wheat genotypes under rainfed conditions an experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Ilam, Iran, during growing season of 2006-2007. Traits under study were: plant height, peduncle length, spike length, grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, spike per m2, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. The results showed that genotypes were significantly different as to the traits studied. The step-wise regression indicated that 75 percent of variation in grain yield under drought stress is explained by spike per m2, 1000 grain weight and plant height. Path analysis of coefficients showed that the direct effects of number of spike per m2 and 1000 grain weight on grain yield were high and positive. According to cluster analysis the genotypes were classified into 3 clusters. Mean comparisons of traits indicated that genotypes belonging to group 2 were superior in grain yield, spike per m2 and 1000 grain weight which are important traits durum wheat breeding programs to be considered in drought stress.

To evaluate the effects of accelerated aging and seed coat scarification with Hydrochloric acid (HCl) on seed germination characteristics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) c.v. Kaka, a factorial experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with two factors in laboratory condition. Factors were three levels of accelerated aging for zero, 24 and 48 hours by 45°C and 100% relative humidity and 8 levels of Hydrochloric acid treatments of seeds (dry seed as chickpea), immersion in 0 (distilled water), 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 normal HCl for half an hours. Results showed that accelerated seed aging and HCl treatments both reduced percent and speed of seed germination, epicotyl and root length. Accelerated seed aging increased the negative effects of HCl treatments. Only hydro-priming improved seed germination characteristics in all accelerated aging treatments. On the basis of the results of this experiment, treatment with HCl isn’t a suitable treatment for chickpea seed priming.